



» 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSITS 














t 









* ■ 





































' 


























* 















MEMORABILIA 










LIBRARY Of OONGnESSs' 

fwo Copies necetvsxj 

APH 28 1808 

ouuyngm uitry 

At* ^3 
OUA#»A- XXc. Nu. 

1 2 <> £pY^ 







xStir- 'JU 7\. 

M 



SOUVENIR 

Joint dinner of The Associated 
Press and the American News¬ 
paper Publishers Association 
New York, April 22, 1908 


F,H 435 5 

.S3 


Compiled by Melville E. Stone 

COPYRIGHT, 1908 


THE NEWSPAPER 


The newspaper, as we know it, is 
distinctly American in its origin and 
development. 

There was a time when the 
political pamphlet served for the 
molding of public opinion; the 
Chap-book for the dissemination of 
news; _ and the almanac for the Repression 
people s entertainment. In the ear¬ 
lier days of the Colonies, the printer 
was held here, as in England, to 
be a dangerous person. In 1534, 

Henry VIII had declared upon the 
subject, forbidding anyone to print 
an English book without permission 
from the King’s licensers. Three 
years later Parliament gave the 
Crown absolute authority to regulate 
the press. This, in turn, was fol¬ 
lowed by the establishment of the 
Stationers’ Company and the Star 
Chamber, both of which exercised 
the power of censorship. Queen 
Elizabeth and King James issued 
proclamations and injunctions against 
the press without limit. Under 
Cromwell’s protectorate the work of 


Milton’s Plea 



JOHN MILTON 


First American 
Printing Press 


the Star Chamber was suspended 
and restrictions were imposed by 
Parliamentary Committees, but they 
were no less rigorous. It was.then 
that John Milton issued his “ Areo- 
pagitica, a Speech for unlicensed 
printing,” which Augustine Birrell has 
well said was the noblest pamphlet 
in “ our English, the language of 
men ever famous in the achieve¬ 
ments of liberty.” But it fell upon 
eaf ears and accomplished noth¬ 
ing. It was in this pamphlet 
that Milton said: 

“ Give me the liberty to 
know, to utter and to argue 
freely according to conscience, 
above all liberties.” 

In 1638, the Rev. Joseph (or 
Jesse) Glover, a Puritan clergyman 
of wealth, set out from England 
with the first printing press for the 
Massachusetts Colony. He died on 
the voyage over, and a year later 
his widow, having married Henry 
Dunster, the first president of Har¬ 
vard College, passed the control of 
the types and press to that institution. 
Unfortunately Mr. Dunster refused 


to accept the doctrine of infant bap¬ 
tism, was declared a heretic and was 
forced to resign his office. During 
the succeeding half century the Cam¬ 
bridge press became famous for the 
printing of bibles and almanacs, 
but was ever under the closest scru¬ 
tiny of the authorities. In 1662, the 
government of the Massachusetts 
Colony appointed licensers, and two 
years later passed a law that “ no 
printing should be allowed in any 
town within the jurisdiction, except 
in Cambridge ”— nor should any¬ 
thing be printed there but what the 
government permitted through the 
agency of those persons who were 
empowered for the purpose. 

On September 25th, 1690, the 
first newspaper in America was 
issued in Boston. It was entitled 
“ Publick Occurences,” but was un¬ 
licensed and was suppressed by 
the authorities immediately after the 
appearance of the first number. A 
single copy of this paper is known 
to be in existence in the Public 
Record office in London. It was 
planned to print the paper once a 


In the Colonies 


First American 
Newspaper 


Punishment of 
Editors 


Colonial 

Censorship 


month, unless a ‘ glut of occur¬ 
ences” should require more fre¬ 
quent issues. 

In 1 704, the Boston Newsletter 
was established “ by authority ” and 
for 1 5 years it enjoyed an undis¬ 
turbed existence, in return for its 
abject loyalty to the Colonial Gov¬ 
ernment. 

With the appearance of the 
New England Courant, published 
by James Franklin (an elder 
brother of Benjamin Franklin) in 
1 72 1, trouble began afresh. There 
were constant quarrels, arrests, trials 
and imprisonments of printers and 
editors. 

Franklin’s paper was the first 
rebel organ in America. He 
was haled before the General Court 
for “ boldly reflecting on His Maj¬ 
esty’s Government,” and was sent 
to prison for a month. At the same 
time it was resolved that no such 
paper be printed “without the same 
be first perused and allowed by the 
(Colonial) Secretary, as has been 
usual.” 


In 1 734, there occurred in New 
York an event of tremendous con¬ 
sequence, not only to journalism, but 
to the world at large. This was 
the trial and acquittal of John Peter 
Zenger on a charge of libeling the 
Colonial Governor, William Cosby. 
It is not too much to say of the ver¬ 
dict in this case that it changed the 
whole course of modern civilization. 
It properly marks the beginning of 
the untrammeled newspaper press. 
Gouverneur Morris said it was “ the 
dawn of that liberty which after¬ 
wards revolutionized America.” 

Zenger’s paper, the “ New York 
Weekly Journal, containing the 
freshest Advices, Foreign and Do¬ 
mestic,” was established November 
3th, 1 733, to voice the growing 
discontent at Cosby’s maladminis¬ 
tration. Its ostensible proprietor 
was an ignorant printer of little con¬ 
sequence, who engaged in the en¬ 
terprise on account of the prospective 
profits, but behind him were a num¬ 
ber of courageous men, determined 
to work a reformation in the Colo¬ 
nial Government. James Alexander 


Zenger’s 
Trial 


Dawn of 
Liberty 


The Great 
Contest 



JAMES ALEXANDER 


acted as editor, and Lewis Morris, 
William Smith, and Cadwallader 
Cobden were the chief contributors. 
Governor Cosby’s arbitrary and cor¬ 
rupt conduct was attacked with 
vigor in a series of articles which 
challenged general attention. Proc¬ 
lamations were issued offering re¬ 
wards for the discovery of the 
authorship of the “ seditious libels,” 
but they accomplished nothing. 
The identity of the writers was 
really an open secret, but they were 
so sustained by an approving public 
sentiment that the Governor seemed 
powerless. Finally it became im¬ 
perative to act. A warrant was 
issued by the Colonial Council and 
Zenger was thrown into jail. At 
first he was denied pen and paper 
and one issue of his journal lapsed, 
but he was then given the privilege of 
communicating with his wife through 
a hole in the door of his cell, and 
thereafter he continued to conduct 
his business from his prison. Alex¬ 
ander and Smith promptly appeared 
as his attorneys and sued out a writ 
of habeas corpus. This was met by 


an order from the court disbarring 
the attorneys for contempt. John 
Chambers, an inexperienced young Hamilton’s 

lawyer, was assigned to Zenger’s Defence 

defense. He moved for a jury and 
this was granted. An appeal was 
then made to Andrew Hamilton of 
Philadelphia to take up the case. 

He had long been accounted the 
ablest advocate in the land, but was 
at this time eighty years old, feeble 
and an invalid, but with undimmed 
intellect. Yet he accepted the un¬ 
dertaking without hesitation. 

Hamilton’s conduct of the case 
was masterly. He challenged the 
legal doctrine that “the greater the 
truth, the greater the libel,” and 
pleaded justification, holding that it 
was the right of the jury to pass upon 
both the law and the fact. With the 
spirit of prophesy upon him, he ap¬ 
pealed to the jury. “ The question 
before you,” said he, “ is not the 
cause of a poor printer, nor of New 
York alone. It may in its conse¬ 
quence affect every freeman that 
lives under a British Government on 
the main of America. It is the best 



Freedom 

Qained 


cause. It is the cause of Liberty; 
and I make no doubt that by an im¬ 
partial and uncorrupt verdict you 
will lay a noble foundation for se¬ 
curing to ourselves and our posterity 
that to which Nature and the lav/s 
of our country have given us a right 
—the liberty both of exposing and 
opposing arbitrary power by speak¬ 
ing and writing truth.” 

There was a prompt verdict of 
acquittal for Zenger, and the free¬ 
dom of the press was irrevocably 
settled. The twelve men in the box 
had decided the fate of the 
world. 

Not that the verdict was im¬ 
mediately and fully accepted as final 
by the Colonial authorities. But, 
although there was a struggle, there 
was no turning backward. 



SPIRIT OF »/• 


In 1 748, Samuel Adams, then 
but 22 years of age, with James 
Otis, and a number of other young 
men, founded the Boston Advertiser 
to denounce the existing theory that 
the highest duty of any man was to 
serve his King, and setting forth the 
new view that all governments 
derive their just powers from the 
consent of the governed. Daniel 
Fowle.the printer of the paper, was 
imprisoned for two or three days. 
But the government was impotent. 
A flame had been kindled which 
could not be put out. It lighted the 
way to the American Revolution, 
the French Revolution, and a rec¬ 
ognition of the rights of the gov¬ 
erned the world over. Such was 
the beginning of the American 
newspaper. 

The right of free speech and the 
maintenance of a free press became 
fixed in the policy of the American 
government. The first amendment 
to the Federal Constitution, adopted 
in 1797, provides that Congress 
shall pass no act abridging the free¬ 
dom of speech or of the press. 


The American 
Revolution 



SAMUEL ADAMS 


News 

Gathering 



\ 

SAMUEL TOPLIFF 


» 


The chief function of the news¬ 
paper is the publication of news. 
And the business of news-gathering 
is also of American origin. 

The first man to show enterprise 
in this direction was John Lang, who 
published the New York Gazette, 
in 1788, and paid scrupulous at¬ 
tention to shipping intelligence. 
Later, Samuel Gilbert originated 
a commercial news room in Boston 
and employed as his assistant a young 
gentleman, named Samuel Topliff. 
In November, 1811, Topliff suc¬ 
ceeded Gilbert, and by his industry 
and intelligence made himself fa¬ 
mous. He may be fairly acknowl¬ 
edged as the first systematic news- 
gatherer. His enterprise was sup¬ 
ported by a company of subscribers, 
including merchants, ship-owners, 
and newspaper proprietors. He 
not only intercepted the incoming 
ships, and thus secured the first 
budget of foreign news, but as early 
as 1818, he had his own special 
correspondents at the important for¬ 
eign stations. 

Another active news-gatherer of 


that period was Henry Ingraham 
Blake of the Boston Palladium. He 
won the reputation of being the best 
ship-news reporter of his time. His 
zeal was extraordinary. With a 
small rowboat he visited all incoming 
vessels, by day and night, gathering 
every obtainable scrap of information 
for his paper, and making both it 
and himself famous. 

Gerard Hallock and David Hale, 
two young journalists from Boston, 
succeeded Arthur Tappan, the phi¬ 
lanthropist, in the ownership of the 
New York Journal of Commerce, in 
1828, and brought to their work 
a wonderful degree of enterprise. 
They built a sea-going yacht and in¬ 
tercepted the incoming ships outside 
of Sandy Hook, signalled the news 
to the Highlands on the New Jersey 
coast, and transmitted it thence by 
semaphore to their office in New 
York. They also established fast 
pony expresses to bring the news 
from Washington and Boston. 

With the advent of the steam 
printing press, the steamboat and the 
railway, came the cheap newspaper 


Earl]) 

Methods 



GERARD HALLOCK 


Co-operation 




and a remarkable exhibition of en¬ 
terprise in news-gathering. The 
New York Sun was founded in 
1833; the New York Herald in 
1833, and the New York Tribune 
in 1 841. In his prospectus for the 
Herald, Mr. James Gordon Bennett 
said his purpose was to “give a cor¬ 
rect picture of the world.” This 
has been the key-note of all later- 
day journalism. 

A period of intense rivalry fol¬ 
lowed the establishment of the New 
York Herald. In 1848, the pro¬ 
prietors of the New York daily 
newspapers united and formed The 
Associated Press, with Mr. Gerard 
Hallock as its President. 

D. H. Craig had been an inde¬ 
pendent news-gatherer and vendor 
and had shown great capacity in the 
work. He went out from Boston 
harbor to meet the ships from Eu¬ 
rope and sent the news back to his 
Boston office by carrier-pigeons. 
After its organization, The Asso¬ 
ciated Press attempted to drive 
Craig out of business, but he proved 
too resourceful. He v^ent to Hal- 


ifax and intercepted the ships at that 
point. He arranged to have a 
synopsis of the European news pre¬ 
pared in Liverpool as the vessel was 
leaving. At Halifax, this synopsis 
was thrown overboard to him and 
was rushed through to Boston and 
New York by fast express. He 
beat his competitors; they gave up 
the fight, and chose Craig as their 
General Manager. 

The Associated Press of to-day 
is a mutual. organization of persons 
representing daily newspapers, hav¬ 
ing for its purpose the collection and 
distribution of the important news of 
the world. There are about 800 
members. 

For its more important service 
The Associated Press has its own 
leased wires, which form a network 
across the continent from St. John, 
N. B., to Seattle, Wash., and San 
Diego, Cal., and from Duluth, 
Minn., to New Orleans, Galveston 
and the City of Mexico. The total 
mileage of this leased wire system is 
approximately: Day wires, 
miles; night wires, 25,000 


The 

Associated 

Press 



The 

Associated 

Press 


The A. N. P. A. 



various points along the trunk lines 
the report is sent to interior cities. 
Each of the members engages to 
contribute the news of his imme¬ 
diate vicinage to The Associated 
Press. 

The annual revenues of The As¬ 
sociated Press, which are derived 
from assessments levied upon its 
members, exceed $2,500,000, while 
the number of words daily received 
and transmitted at each of the more 
important offices is over 50,000, or 
the equivalent of thirty-five columns 
of the average newspaper. 

The American Newspaper Pub¬ 
lishers’ Association was founded in 
1887, as the result of a call issued 
by W. H. Brearley of the Detroit 
Evening News, and the first meet¬ 
ing was held at Rochester, N. Y. 
William M. Singerly of the Phila¬ 
delphia Record was chosen Presi¬ 
dent, and James S. Metcalfe, as 
Manager. 

Later, James W. Scott, of the 
Chicago Times-Herald was elected 
President and W. C. Bryant of 
the Brooklyn Times, as Manager, 


JAMES W. SCOTT 


and both served for many years, 
bringing the Association to a high 
state of efficiency. 

There are now about 300 mem¬ 
bers, including all of the leading 
newspapers of the United States 
and Canada. 

It is an Association for the con¬ 
serving of the business interests of its 
members; devoting its attention to 
needed legislation; the composing of 
difficulties arising between employer 
and employee; the gathering and 
distribution of information respecting 
advertising credits; the observance 
of all mechanical improvements of 
value, and the watchful care of 
all the commercial interests of the 
craft. 

The American Newspaper Pub¬ 
lishers’ Association was the first or¬ 
ganization in the United States to 
adopt a general system of arbitration 
to apply to all divisions of the print¬ 
ing trades. 

As a result there has never 
been a far-reaching strike or lock¬ 
out since the Association was 
founded. 


The A. N. P. A. 



WILLIAM C. BRYANT 


Electricity 




The transmission of intelligence 
by electricity has obviously con¬ 
tributed in very large measure to the 
development of the present day 
newspaper. It is peculiarly fitting 
that the master printer, Benjamin 
Franklin, should have done conspic¬ 
uous work in this branch of science. 
His experiments wer6 of great value. 
They were hardly less important 
than the remarkable services he 
rendered as an editor, as agent pf 
the colonies, as statesman, or as phi¬ 
losopher. They opened the way 
for the invention of the telegraph. 




Professor Morse completed his 
apparatus in 1 838, secured a Con¬ 
gressional appropriation to build the 
first line between Bal¬ 
timore and Washington 
in 1843, and began 
service for the public 
in 1844. Those who 
F controlled his patents 
undertook to create a 
monopoly in the news 
business. But fortun¬ 
ately among Morse’s associates was 
Amos Kendall, who had been an 
editor in Kentucky and later Post¬ 
master-General in President Jack¬ 
son’s Cabinet. He set his face 
against all effort to control the char¬ 
acter of the news and held firmly to 
the view that the telegraph com¬ 
panies must limit their activities to 
the transmission of the matter and 
must make no discrimination in deal¬ 
ing with their patrons. It was a 
most important decision in support ofj 
an independent press. 


Telegraph 




AMOS KENDALL 








Like Professor Morse, Mr. Cyrus 
W. Field, the New York merchant, 
fought a long battle with adverse 
fortune before he was able to suc¬ 
cessfully lay the first trans-oceanic 
cable in 1858. The present year 
marks the semi-centennial of the 
event. In all, 732 messages were 
sent over this cable, and then it 
broke. It was eight years later, in 
July, 1 866, that a new cable, after 
innumerable difficulties, was laid 
and came into permanent use. 


CYRUS W. FIELD 



ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 


Alexander Graham 
Bell was the son of a 
distinguished Scotch ed¬ 
ucator, who invented 
visible speech ” for 
\ deaf-mutes. He came 

to this country and was 
employed in the Univer¬ 
sity of Boston to teach his 
father’s method. In 1 876, he com¬ 
pleted his first telephone, and ex¬ 
hibited it at the Centennial Exhibi¬ 
tion at Philadelphia, where it created 
a great sensation. Mr. Bell’s ap¬ 
plication for a patent was received 
by the general patent office in 
Washington on February 24th, 
1876, only a few hours before a 
similiar application was received 
from Elisha Gray, the well-known 
electrical scientist of Chicago. The 
patent was granted to Mr. Bell and 
this action was confirmed by the 
courts, after prolonged litigation. 


The Telephone 



Wireless 
Telegraphy 



Wireless telegraphy, which has 
become of high value for the trans¬ 
mission of news, was first suggested 
as a probability by Professor Morse 
in 1850, and repeated experiments, 
of a more or less satisfactory char¬ 
acter, were made in the United States 
during the latter half of the nine¬ 
teenth century. It was brought to 
a high state of perfection and made 
of commercial value by William 
Marconi, of Bologna, Italy, whose 
name will ever be deservedly 
identified with the work. 


WILLIAM MARCONI 












ROBERT FULTON 


The Nineteenth Century 
will live in history as that in 
which inter-communication 
Was established, and the 
newspaper represented 
the highest form of this 
development. Besides 
the telegraph, ocean cable, 
telephone and wireless trans¬ 
mission, the steamboat and railway 
were important mediums. 

The first steamboat was the 
“ Claremont,” invented by Robert 
Fulton, an American. Fulton, like 
Morse, was a painter with scientific 
and mechanical proclivities. In¬ 
spired by the example of Benjamin 
West, in 1 793, he went to England. 
There he met the great Earl Stan 
hope, who induced him to abam 
art and take up civil engin^ehn 
He fell in with James Watt, who 
had just perfected his steam ei 
Fulton conceived the idea of ap 
ing it to water navigation. He s 
gled at the problem for nine ye 
and in August, 1807, made a suc¬ 
cessful journey in his little steamboat 
from New York City to Albany. 


The Steamboat 




THE CLAREMONT 



Steamships 



JOHN STEVENS 

Railways 


John Stevens, of Hoboken, N. J., 
was studying steam navigation sim¬ 
ultaneously with Fulton. He in¬ 
vented the screw-propeller, which 
in late years has very generally dis¬ 
placed the side-wheel propulsion in¬ 
troduced by Fulton. Stevens built 
his boat, the “ Phoenix,” and 
steamed out into the ocean to Del¬ 
aware Bay. He was the first to 
navigate the sea by the new motive 
power. 

Although the steam railway 
was an English invention, it was 
developed to its highest effic¬ 
iency at an early day in this coun¬ 
try. Steel rails, block signals, and 
sleeping cars were all of American 
invention. 




EARLY AMERICAN RAILWAY 






The earliest book known to have 
been printed from molded type is 
Durand s “ Rationale Divinorum,” 
printed by Faust & Schoffer in Oc¬ 
tober, 1459. The famous Mazerene 
Bible or Metz Bible, supposed to 
have been issued from the press of 
Gutenberg and Faust about 1455, 
had initial letters illuminated by 
hand, while the celebrated Psalter 
printed by Faust and Schoffer, his 
son-in-law, in 1457, had small letters 
of metal, but capitals of wood. 

The methods of making type 
were improved in many details, but 
it is probable that the first automatic 
type-casting machine was that of 
David Brewster of Bordentown, 
N. J., patented in 1838. This 
contained most of the essential fea¬ 
tures of the type-casting machines of 
the present day, although it was 
brought to a high state of perfection 
by Henry Barth, of Cincinnati, in 
1886. 

Early in the last century, the 
need of machines for composing 
type was recognized, and the first 
machine of this class to be actually 


Movable 

Types 


Typesetting 

Machines 


constructed was that of Westcott, 
an American. It cast the types in 
the required order, and composed 
them in lines; was exhibited at the 
Philadelphia Exposition in 1876. 
Justification was effected by the in¬ 
sertion of spaces by hand, as in 
hand composition. The machine 
was a commercial failure. The 
Burr-Kastenbein machine, an Amer¬ 
ican invention, was the first success¬ 
ful type-setting machine in the 
world. It was perfected about 
1885. It used ordinary type, which 
was delivered from a magazine and 
assembled in lines by use of a key¬ 
board. The lines were justified 
by hand. After use, the dead mat¬ 
ter was transferred to a second ma¬ 
chine, by which the type was dis¬ 
tributed into magazines, which, after 
being filled, were transferred to the 
composing machine. A few of 
these machines are still in use. Later 
the Thorne, or Simplex, the Mc¬ 
Millan, and the Lanston type-setting 
machines, all American inventions, 
were introduced. 


J in 1 886, the Linotype 
€ machine, invented by Ott- 
mar Merganthaler, of Bal- 
mk timore, was perfected. It 
effected a revolution in 
jfmflft the printing art in that it 
HPP? substituted the line instead 
of the letter as the unit of 

OTTMAR MERGANTHALER COmpOSltlOn. It dlSpenSed 

with the necessity of purchasing, 
composing, and distributing type. It 
cast complete justified lines each in 
one piece. 

From eighteen to twenty thousand 
of these machines are now in use, 
distributed throughout the world 
and composing in more than thirty 
languages. 


The Linotype 






Stereotyping 


It seems to be pretty well deter¬ 
mined that the first stereotype plate 
was made by J. Van der Wey 
(father of the famous painter), who 
had a printing office in Leyden, 
Holland, in 1 699. He printed four 
books from plates, but died soon 
after and his process died with him. 
In 1 725, William Ged, a goldsmith 
of Edinburg, in conjunction with 
Thomas James, a London type¬ 
founder, attempted to introduce a 
method of casting plates upon wax. 
The partners quarreled, and their 
plates were destroyed. Later Ged 
printed two books from his plates, 
but his efforts bankrupted him, and 
the business came to grief. 

About 1775, Benjamin Mecom, 
a nephew of Benjamin Franklin, 
made some plates of pages of 
the bible in Boston, and Earl 
Stanhope did some successful ex¬ 
perimenting in London. Jacob 
Perkins, of Newbury port, Massa¬ 
chusetts, seems to have done the 
best work, and from his process 
the “ Stereotype bank bills ” of New 
Hampshire and Massachusetts were 



printed and became famous. George 
Bruce, the printer and type-founder, 
practically introduced stereotyping 
into general use in this 
\ country. H i s brother 
gmwmk David visited England 
and studied the methods 
^ in use there and improved 
^WMBaipon them. There was 
;reat hostility from the 
>rinters, who feared the 
innovation would injure 
their business. 

Wax and clay were 
employed for matrices un¬ 
til 1829, when M. Genoud of 
Lyons, France, adopted papier- 
mache. Charles Craske, a New 
York engraver, introduced the 
new method, and in 1854 made 
the first curved plate, for a rotary 
press in the office of the New York 
Herald. It proved successful and 
worked a revolution in newspaper 
printing throughout the world. It 
was now possible to multiply the 
number of plates indefinitely, and 
thus to vastly increase the output of 
printed papers. The mechanism 


GEORGE BRUCE 


Papier-Mache 

Process 



CHARLES CRASKE 


Autoplate 



HENRY A. WISE WOOD 


was primitive, however, and there 
came an urgent demand for some 
automatic appliance which might en¬ 
sure greater speed and efficiency. 
This was supplied in 1900 by 
Henry A. Wise Wood, of New 
York, who invented the “Autoplate,” 
a machine which has come into 
general use in the larger newspaper 
offices. After a flexible papier- 
mache matrix, made from a type 
page, is perfected, it is inserted in 
the machine, which proceeds to cast 
printing plates, weighing about fifty 
pounds each, at the rate of four a 
minute, and to dress their edges and 
inner surfaces and prepare them for 
adjustment to printing press cylin¬ 
ders. This is all done automatically 
within the compass of one device. 



AUTO PLATE 


About 1817, there was a sharp 
contest among the printers of Europe 
over the relative merits of two kinds 
of hand printing presses. One of 
these was invented by the famous 
Earl Stanhope, who at the same 
time was actively engaged in his ex¬ 
periments with stereotyping, and was 
helping James Watt and Robert 
Fulton to develop the steamboat. 
The other press, the “ Columbian,” 
was the invention of Mr George 
Clymer, of Philadelphia. These 
were the earliest types of iron 
presses which superseded those of 
wood that had been in use from 
the days of Gutenberg. The “Co¬ 
lumbian ” presses were admittedly 
the better, and soon supplanted the 
“Stanhopeans” in European print¬ 
ing offices. It was practically the 
same as the “Washington” or 
“Franklin” hand-press. 

What is known as the “ Cylin¬ 
drical ” press, with flat type and re¬ 
volving impression cylinder and ink 
rollers, was invented by William 
Nicholson, of London, in 1 789, and 
by a Doctor Kinsley, of Connecti¬ 
cut, about the same time. 


Hand 

‘Printing 

‘Presses 



GEORGE CLYMER 







Rotary 

Rress 



RICHARD M. HOE 


It was reserved for Richard M. 
Hoe, of New York, however, to 
invent the newspaper press which 
should enable the publisher to in¬ 
definitely multiply the number of his 
printed sheets. His “ Lightning 
Press” was produced in 1846. It 
was propelled by steam. He im¬ 
posed the type in curved “ turtles ” 
upon a horizontal cylinder which in 
revolving came in contact with other 
cylinders which carried the white 
paper. At first a single turn of his 
type-cylinder thus printed four sheets 
on one side. Later, he reached a 
point where with a single revolution 
of his type-cylinder he could print 
ten sheets. This meant an output 
of about ten or twelve thousand 
perfected newspapers an hour, 
which was accounted a marvelous 
feat. This press was immediately 
adopted everywhere by the large 
daily newspapers. 


William A. Bullock, publisher of 
a newspaper in Philadelphia, in¬ 
vented the first perfecting press Perfecting 
in 1865. He had the paper p ress 
made in rolls several miles in 
length and adopting stereotype 
plates, he automatically, printed 
sheets on both sides, cut and 
pasted and folded them into per¬ 
fected newspapers ready for delivery 
to the reader at the rate of 1 2,000 
an hour. This type of machine was 
modified both here and in Europe, 
and is now in general use. 

The Hoe double octuple machine 
worked by electricity, at a touch 
of the finger is set in motion, and is 
capable of printing 192,000 finished 
eight-page newspapers in an hour. 






Paper 

Making 



HERMAN VOELTER 


In the course of the nineteenth 
century two circumstances gave 
great impetus to papermaking, an 
art which, up to 1800, had not 
been improved to any material extent 
since the middle ages. First, a me¬ 
chanical method of making paper in 
a continuous web, instead of by 
hand, in sheets, was found when a 
Frenchman, named Roberts, in¬ 
vented the Fourdrinier machine. 
Second, a substitute for rags, as the 
chief constituent, was found in wood 
fibre. In 1 867, a machine invented 
by Herman Voelter of Germany 
for grinding wood into pulp was es¬ 
pecially imported, and mechanically 
ground pulp first produced in this 
country in 1867 at Stockbridge, 
Mass. The output was about one- 
half ton daily and it sold 
for eight cents per pound. 

It was pressed into cakes 
by hand, and shipped in 
barrels to a paper mill for 
use. The chemical pro¬ 
cesses for manufacturing 
wood pulp were almost 
contemporaneous with 




o,jcy[ 5T~fT" 


DURDRINIER PAl 






that of making ground wood. The 
soda process was patented by Hugh 
Burgess in this country in 1854. 
The sulphite process was devised 
by Benjamin C. Tilghman of Phil¬ 
adelphia and was made commer¬ 
cially useful in Providence, R. I., in 

1884. 

The ever, increasing insufficiency 
of rags and the high cost of them, 
led to the general adoption of wood 
pulp. Very early a cry was raised 
at the prospective destruction of the 
forests, but the United States For¬ 
ester estimates that of the total drain 
upon the forests, the cut for pulp 
wood is only 1.6 per cent. There 
is, however, as a natural result of 
the enormously increased demand 
for paper a receding supply of raw 
material; so that the wood for pulp 
must be brought from a greater dis¬ 
tance, and the cost thus somewhat 
increased. 


Wood ‘Pulp 



BENJAMIN C. TILGHMAN 



Half- Tones 



FREDERICK E. IVES 


Illustrated 

Supplements 


Illustrations for daily newpapers 
came into use first in America in 
1870, but in a limited way. In 
1878, the photographic half-tone 
was developed by Frederick E. Ives, 
of Cornell University. Three years 
later, he greatly improved it, and 
adapted it to newspaper work. In 
1886, he invented the cross-line 
screen which has come into general 


Walter Scott, a press manufacturer 
of Plainfield, N. J., invented the 
process for printing colored supple¬ 
ments on perfecting presses in 
1891, and first applied it in the 
office of the Chicago Inter-Ocean 
in June, 1892. It was he, 
also, who attached the first au¬ 
tomatic folding machine to a rotary 
newspaper press in the office of the 
Chicago Inter-Ocean. 

The first attempt at 
the publication of a daily 
illustrated paper was the 
establishment of the New 
York Graphic in 1881 
It proved unprofitable 
and was discontinued 
after a short existence. 



WALTER SCOTT 


Naturally and inevitably the press 
holds a high place in American life. 
Following the suggestion of the late 
James Gordon Bennett, the daily 
newspaper aims to “ give a correct 
picture of the world.” To this end, 
the news agencies appoint their rep¬ 
resentatives at every spot on the 
earth where human activities have 
play, and with scrupulous vigilance 
and untiring energy they gather 
everything of substantial value and 
transmit it with amazing celerity 
Vast sums of money are expended 
in this work, and the American peo¬ 
ple are served with newspapers 
which supply a great quantity of val¬ 
uable information at a price which 
brings them within the reach of the 
humblest citizen. 

For the directing of public opin¬ 
ion they have also contributed 
greatly to the welfare of the 
Nation. Perhaps the most conspic¬ 
uous among the editors whose guid¬ 
ance has been accepted in a large 
degree were Horace Greeley, foun¬ 
der of the New York Tribune, and 
the late Samuel Bowles, of the 


Influence of 
The Press 



JAMES GORDON BENNETT 


Great 

Editors 



HORACE GREELEY 


(governmental 
Concessions 



Springfield (Mass.) Repub¬ 
lican. Mr. Greeley’s influ¬ 
ence as the chief of a great 
metropolitan daily, impor¬ 
tant as it was, was scarcely 
more far-reaching than that 
of Mr. Bowles, whose 
strong individuality laid its 
impress upon a much larger 
public than his immediate provincial 
clientele. 

The national government has long 
fecognized the educational value of 
the newspaper. While, very wisely, 
there has never been any attempt to 
found or subsidize a national news¬ 
paper, there have been frequent and 
generous concessions to journalism 
in consideration of the public ser¬ 
vices rendered by it. In 1879, the 
American Congress enacted a law 
providing for the free delivery of 
newspapers by the Post Office De¬ 
partment, within the county of pub¬ 
lication, and in 1 885 it provided for 
the transmission of newspapers 
through the mails at the rate of one 
cent a pound, at the same time ar¬ 
ranging for fast railway postal trains 


SAMUEL BOWLES 


with special reference to their speedy 
delivery to the subscribers. Privi¬ 
leges of this kind are granted in no 
other country. 

The three great foreign news 
agencies are the Reuter Telegram 
Company, Limited, of London; the 
Agence Havas of Paris; and the 
Continental Telegraphen Com- 
pagnie (Wolff Bureau) of Berlin. 

The Reuter Agency was estab¬ 
lished in 1 849 by Baron Julius von 
Reuter, of Hesse Cassel in Germany. 
When the telegraph was introduced 
into Europe it was extended from 
Paris to Aix la Chapelle, and 
Reuter established himself at Aix, 
and forwarded news to the German 
papers by carrier-pigeons. In 1851, 
he moved to London, and estab¬ 
lished his great Agency there. 

Charles Havas established his 
agency in Paris in 1835, and ar¬ 
ranged a carrier-pigeon service to 
London and Brussels. 

Dr. Wolff established the Ger¬ 
man Agency in 1 849. These three 
agencies are in close alliance with 
The Associated Press. 


Foreign Agencies 



BARON DE REUTER 


Notes 


The oldest newspaper in the 
United States is “The New Hamp¬ 
shire Gazette and Portsmouth 
Chronicle,” founded by Daniel 
Fowle at Portsmouth, N. H., in 
1756. Fowle was the printer for 
Samuel Adams’s Boston Advertiser, 
and after his prosecution and im¬ 
prisonment in Boston, he removed to 
Portsmouth and established the 
Gazette. 

The first daily newspaper in the 
United States was the Philadelphia 
Advertiser, founded in 1784. Af¬ 
ter many changes, although pub¬ 
lished continuously, it survives in the 
Philadelphia North American of to¬ 
day. 

The first “ extra editions ” were 
issued by the New York Journal of 
Commerce in 1 828. 












































































T. A. SINDELAR 

NEW YORK 



SOUTH PUBLISHING PRESS, NEW YORK 


















♦ 



















ki'ti 23 tiU8 





0F CONGRESS 


0 038 701 841 4 


